Roundup of Arab Media Reactions to Biden Visit

Between 15 and 18 July, Arabic-speaking news sites carried commentaries and editorials reacting to US President Joe Biden’s four-day trip to the Middle East. Biden’s visit drew mixed reactions from Gulf and Arab newspapers. While some writers welcomed the visit, many stated that the visit culminated in strengthening the position and importance of Saudi Arabia in the region and the world, particularly as a partner to the United States. When discussing the Palestinian visit, all of the writers decried the brevity of the visit to the Palestinian territories and the lack of attention given to resolving the Palestinian issue. Following is a roundup of the reactions to Biden’s visit.

Positive Reactions 

On 18 July, Saudi daily Al-Riyad carries a commentary by Maha al-Wabil stressing the importance of the “friendly ties” between the United States and Saudi Arabia.[I]

On 18 July, Saudi daily Ukaz carries a commentary by Haylah al-Mushuh stating that “in my opinion, the Jeddah Summit for Security and Development succeeded before it began, especially the long (bilateral) meeting that preceded the summit at the beginning of US President Joseph Biden’s visit with Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman.”[iii]

On 17 July, pan-Arab daily Al-Sharq al-Awsat carries a commentary by Abd-al-Rahman al-Rashid saying that despite the media clamor over Biden’s visit, “what was officially announced about its results makes it one of the most important visits in its strategic value” and “constitutes an important development in relations and cooperation,” with the most important aspect of it being the return of the US-Saudi military and security cooperation.[iv]

On 17 July, pan-Arab daily Al-Sharq al-Awsat carries a commentary by Ali al-Mazid saying: “I expect that Biden’s visit to the region will produce a new policy aimed at taking into account the interests of all parties, according to the equation of each other’s need. If the countries of the region need to besiege the nuclear Iran and its influence, then the United States needs to besiege the expansion of the influence of Russia and China.”[v]

On 17 July, pan-Arab daily Al-Sharq al-Awsat carries a commentary by Jibril al-Ubaydi stating that “several positive messages were achieved — including the end of the era of alignment and the beginning of the era of partnership open to all — to achieve security and sustainable development.”[vi]

On 17 July, pan-Arab daily Al-Sharq al-Awsat carries a commentary by Abdallah Bin-Bijad al-Utaybi saying that “America under former President Barack Obama made grave strategic mistakes in belittling the importance of the Middle East region by siding with fundamentalist extremism twice: once by supporting ‘stabilizing chaos’ and supporting the Muslim Brotherhood to reach power in a number of Arab countries during what was falsely known as the ‘Arab Spring,’ and second was making the worst ‘nuclear agreement’ in history with the sectarian fundamentalist Iranian regime in Iran.” The commentary goes on to say: “The problem with the Biden administration is that it returned after the Trump administration to resume the same mistakes and sins in the Obama administration, sometimes with the same names and faces, but this time with exaggerated enthusiasm that distanced it from realism and rationality and led to policies that have unwelcome consequences for America before other countries the scientist.” The commentary concludes that the summit is “encouraging and the future is bright.”[vii]

On 16 July, UAE daily Al-Khalij carries a commentary by Nasir Zaydan stating: “The burden of President Biden’s visit to the region is more than it can handle; an unrealistic approach, but its impact on key issues at the same time should not be underestimated.”[viii]

On 16 July, Saudi daily Al-Riyad carries a commentary by Ibrahim al-Shimmari saying: “Today, Saudi-American cooperation and integration has become an urgent necessity, not only for the interest of the two countries and their peoples, but also for the region and the whole world. “ Al-Shimmari notes that “Riyadh considers trust to be the key to relations between it and Washington, and it is the bridge through which those who do actions precede words.”[ix]

On 15 July, Al-Sharq al-Awsat carries a commentary by Imil Amin saying: “From this perspective, it can be concluded that Washington has become aware again, and perhaps after a summer cloud passed over a year and a half from the Biden administration, how Saudi Arabia is able to manage the political balances in the region with wisdom and savvy, balances that yield a positive judgment on the region and the world, especially In light of the accumulating and intertwined international crises, in a way that calls for global concern in word and deed.” The commentary adds: “From here and from the foregoing, it can be concluded that President Biden’s visit to the Kingdom confirms, once again, a new forward-looking historical stage in the relations between Riyadh and Washington, a stage that enhances global and regional stability, for the benefit of the peoples of the two countries, and for a developmental process of life and development around the world as a whole.”

Negative Reactions

On 18 July, pan-Arab daily Al-Quds al-Arabi carries a commentary by Ibrahim Nawwar titled: “Diplomatic Defeat for the United States in the Middle East.” The commentary deems the visit a diplomatic defeat for the Biden administration and says that this defeat raises alarm bells for the Democrats during the midterm elections because “Biden returned to face the American voter empty-handed, empty-handed, after he failed to obtain anything he presents to the voter as an achievement made during his Middle East trip.”[x]

On 18 July, Saudi daily Ukaz carries a commentary by Muhammad al-Sa’id asks: “Did Biden arrive in the region a year and a half late?” Al-Sa’id answers: “Yes, he arrived very late, and he could have bridged the huge gap not only between him and Riyadh, but also between Cairo and Abu Dhabi, the most important Arab capitals active and able to help America in its current political and economic crisis if he had come weeks after taking power Instead of letting smoke screens separate vision and impede communication.”[xi]

On 17 July, pan-Arab daily Al-Sharq al-Awsat carries a commentary by Sawsan al-Sha’ir stating that all the agreements reached at the Jeddah summit are “an attempt to correct a mistake made by the US administration.”[xii]

On 17 July, pan-Arab daily Al-Sharq al-Awsat carries a commentary by former Editor-in-Chief Salman al-Dusari highlighting discrepancies in foreign and local media reporting on a number of issues, including the Khashoggi killing, and noting the need to “document and archive history and explain the Saudi points of view on various issues accurately.”[xiii]

On 16 July, Bahraini daily Akhbar al-Khalij carries a commentary by Abd-al-Mun’im Ibrahim stating that Biden wanted his trip to be a “return” to the Middle East “when it was in face a ‘goodbye trip’ for America” and notes that the visit “will not change the deteriorating situation in the US-Arab relations, and the Gulf in particular, especially during the era of the American president. Biden, who, like President Obama, looks at Arab leaders and leaders with a condescending look that is not devoid of racism.”[xiv]

On 16 July, Oman Daily carries a commentary by Husayn ‘Abd-al-Ghani stating that “Biden’s administration returns to the Kissingerian model by following a step-by-step approach.” The commentary adds: “Washington wants to regain its hegemony over the Middle East with the least amount of direct intervention and resource allocation, while at the same time continuing its highest global goal, which is directing the bulk of its strategic resources towards China, the Pacific Ocean, and Eurasia, where its great battle awaits to prevent China from participating in the leadership of the global system.” The writer concludes: “In other words, America will return to Kissinger’s saying that the most important thing he did in the Middle East was “trading land for time, not exchanging land for peace.”[xv]

On 15 July, Bahraini daily Akhbar al-Khalij carries a commentary by Sulayman Judah saying that “it is the right of the master of the White House to visit the region in search of the interests of his country in it, but it is the duty of the Arab leaders to draw his attention to the fact that the people of this region have interests in return” and notes the Gulf should not get involved in the conflict between the United States and Russia and China.[xvi]

‘Last Opportunity’ for the United States

On 18 July, Saudi daily Al-Riyad carries a commentary by Fayiz Bin Abdallah al-Shahri saying: “The Jeddah summit, which brought together the leaders of the six Arab Gulf states, Egypt, Iraq and Jordan with US President Joe Biden, is a last opportunity for Washington to confirm its credibility in correcting the error of strategies and the error of tactics it has adopted during the past two decades in the region at the level of alliances.”[xvii]

On 17 July, Saudi daily al-Watan carries a commentary stating that the “new relationship” between Saudi Arabia and the United States “will remain the subject of a test, after America realized that the Gulf is changing and opening, and its policies must change to match actions with words, and to enable the region to move toward lasting stability.”[xviii]

Importance of Saudi Arabia

On 18 July, Saudi daily Al-Riyad carries a commentary by Ali al-Khushayban stating: “It is clear that one of the most important outcomes of the Jeddah summit is America’s realization that the escalation of rivalry between it and the countries of the region in the long term does not serve any of the parties and does not serve the common strategic interests between the region and Washington. Serving its vital interests, it has become important for America to realize the importance of the cultural and value diversity of the countries it deals with in the region, which are heading through their development and economic projects until they go to the future conditional on achieving parallel security and development achievements away from potential threats.”[xix]

On 18 July, Saudi daily Al-Riyad carries a commentary by Khalid Bin-Ali al-Matrafi stating: “In my opinion, the most important features present in this exceptional summit is the understanding of the American ally of the importance of controlling the security pace of the most sensitive regions of the world. The state of the American vacuum almost harmed its national interests in the first place, as well as the interests of its strategic allies.”[xx]

On 18 July, Saudi daily Ukaz carries a commentary by Abd-al-Latif al-Duwayhi stating that “the Kingdom has changed the concepts in its relationship and the relationship of the pivotal Arab countries with the major countries, especially America, which must understand well that the Kingdom and the rest of the Gulf countries are not countries that emulsify their wealth and impose agendas on them that do not serve or harm them.”[xxi]

On 18 July, Saudi daily Al-Madinah carries a commentary by Ali Al Sharmah stating that the visit “clearly revealed that the Kingdom is the largest of the Arabs and the leader of Islamic countries, and that it is a difficult number that cannot be overcome in any way, especially when formulating any decision related to the issues of the region, and that it has truly become the kitchen of the global decision.”[xxii]

On 17 July, Qatar-based Al-Jazeerah.net carries a commentary by Mahmoud Alloush titled: “Where Does the Gulf Stand in the Global Transformations?” The commentary states that the repercussions of the Ukraine-Russia war are an “opportunity for Riyadh and Abu Dhabi to restore their status as major allies of the United States in the region,” as the two countries will pressure Biden to obtain guarantees that the US commitment to Gulf security will remain independent of the United States reducing its involvement in the region. The commentary adds that that at the regional level, “Biden’s openness to Saudi Arabia and the UAE is an acknowledgment of the failure of the approach to pressure them to end the Yemen war at any cost, and the two countries are likely to pressure Washington to put more pressure on the Houthis,” while also force Biden to consider the interests of the Gulf when concluding any potential nuclear agreement with Iran. The commentary states that the US-Gulf partnership will not likely lead to a radical shift in the Iranian role in region, and thus it would be “right for the Gulf countries to balance requirements of the new relationship with Washington and maintain the new partnerships they established with other parties such as Russia and China.” The commentary notes that the “emerging Gulf-Israeli relations will remain one of the main weaknesses in the Gulf interests in the long run, and although these relations are portrayed as an interest for the Gulf in terms of security, they are unbalanced and tend to favor Tel Aviv.”[xxiii]

On 17 July, Saudi daily Sabq carries a commentary by Talal al-Harbi stating that Biden’s visit to Saudi Arabia and the convening of the Jeddah summit on its soil “came in recognition of its position, role, and importance in the world order. The US President received a clear message from its young leadership, that we are keen on our relations with our friends; but we do not abandon our interests and we do not abandon our independent national decision.”[xxiv]

On 17 July, Egyptian Al-Ahram daily carries a commentary by Usamah al-Ghazali Harb decrying Biden’s statement that “Washington will not leave any vacuum in the Middle East region to Russia and China.” Harb says, “No, Mr. Biden. It is not like that. I believe that the people of region do not suffer from this vacuum that requires to be filled… not by America, Russia, or China.” Harb concludes by welcoming cooperation with the United States without conditions.[xxv]

On 17 July, pan-Arab daily Al-Sharq al-Awsat carries a commentary by Tariq al-Hamid noting that the most important outcome of the Jeddah summit is that “the US President admitted the mistake of withdrawing from the region, and therefore his visit culminated in restoring Saudi-US relations on the right track.”[xxvi]

On 17 July, Egyptian daily Akhbar al-Yawm carries a commentary by Ali Muhammad Fakhru saying that the summit will “eventually reap four major calamities that will turn the entire Arab scene upside down.” Fakhru says that the potential Israeli presence in some Gulf and Arab countries will likely end the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) and the Arab League. Fakhru notes that the Arabs will be under American pressure to be involved in the Ukraine-Russia conflict, as well as the “absurd US-Chinese economic competition.” The commentary concludes that the solution to this would be “a new awakening of the issue of Arab unity in order to stand in the face of this great conspiracy.”[xxvii]

On 17 July, Bahraini Al-Bilad Newspaper carries a commentary by Ibrahim al-Nahim saying that the Arab Spring “destruction” caused by the United States and Biden’s “failed attempt” to “blackmail Saudi Arabia affirms the Democrats’ steadfastness on their ominous policies in the Arab region.” Al-Nahim notes that “the developments of the stage confirm that the Gulf states are steadfast in their positions, and continue to build their relations and alliances, which would be reflected in the good and welfare of their peoples, their security, and their national unity, especially the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.”[xxviii]

On 16 July, Kuwaiti al-Qabas daily carries a commentary by Nurah Salih al-Mujayyam describing Biden’s visit as a “historic” one that aims to “turn the page on the mistakes of the United States in the region that President Obama launched through a policy of limited focus on its affairs and issues.” The commentary says: “Needless to say, after the Ukrainian war, the Biden administration realized the strategic importance of the region in terms of energy and maritime security, and confronting Chinese hegemony, and others. As a result, there is a strong return to an American diplomatic and military role in the region. It will likely contribute to consolidating stability in the region and curbing Iran’s expansionist ambitions in the Gulf region.”[xxix]

On 16 July, UAE daily Al-Bayan carries a commentary by Jamal al-Kishki stating: “The region hosts Biden in circumstances in which it enjoys a much better value and relative weight than previous stages. The summit comes at a time when the Arab region was able to establish its importance, as an active and vital region, in the American national security strategy. For example, we find that Washington now realizes that energy solutions start and end in the Arab world.” Al-Kishki adds that “in the midst of the global political momentum in which the Middle East has become an important figure in its new calculations and features, I find that the Arab region is experiencing a new atmosphere that will definitely increase the global status and relative value of the Arab region.”[xxx]

On 16 July, Bahraini daily Akhbar al-Khalij carries a commentary by Fawziyah Rashid stating that the visit is a crossroads for the United States and that if the United States “continues to deal with unjustified American arrogance after this summit, the road will be blocked again.” Rashid notes that the US should know that its need for Saudi Arabia is not temporary and that the United States needs to make a “huge effort” to restore confidence in it.[xxxii]

On 15 July, Al-Sharq al-Awsat carries a commentary by Fahd Sulayman al-Shuqayran noting that Biden’s visit is “centered on rearranging US relations with Saudi Arabia and the countries of the region, encouraging the moderate axis to establish the foundation, and moving US-Saudi relations forward after years of pressure and the dominance of anti-Saudi ideologies over policymaking and the media.”[xxxiii]

Palestinian Issue

On 17 July, Qatari daily Al-Watan carries a commentary by Usamah al-Farrah saying that Israel got “everything it wanted” out of Biden’s visit, while the Palestinians’ meeting with Biden “was characterized in form and content by courtesy.”[xxxiv]

On 16 July, Lebanese daily Al-Nahar carries a commentary by Majid Kayyali noting that President Biden and Palestinian President Mahmud Abbas for “only one hour,” and that it consisted of “mere compliments, financial aid, and promises to facilitate the lives of Palestinians.” Kayyali states that Biden “has nothing to offer” to the Palestinians on the political level, and he highlights the US financial and political support to Israel.[xxxv]

On 16 July, Echorouk Online carries a commentary by Muhammad Salim Qallalah stating that the Biden statements during the visit to the Palestinian territories indicate that there is no solution to the Palestinian-Israeli conflict in the near future and that there “will be no liberation of Palestine.”[xxxvi]

On 15 July, Al-Sharq al-Awsat carries a commentary by Nabil Amru noting the brevity of Biden’s visit to Bethlehem and stating that Biden sees the Palestinian demands as “impossible, regardless of how big or small they may be,” and notes that the status quo will not change.[xxxvii]

On 15 July, Qatari daily Al-Sharq carries an editorial stating: “The entire region, not just Israel, has the right to have its interests and the interests of its peoples taken care of and to look at its complex issues with a broader horizon than what is happening, and that the visit contributes to removing the doubts that have plagued relations with the region for years, and that it yields results that dispel the general feeling in the region of double standards.” The commentary adds: “The region’s issues and hot files need real solutions, not just palliatives, and the region expects from the United States, as far as its influence is concerned, a more serious and credible role that contributes to achieving peace in the Middle East and supporting stability and prosperity in a way that enhances the long historical relations between the two sides.”[xxxviii]

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[i] https://www.alriyadh.com/1962021

[ii] https://aawsat.com/home/cartoon/3761986/%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%AF-%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A

[iii] https://www.okaz.com.sa/articles/authors/2110490

[iv] https://aawsat.com/home/article/3761981/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AF/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6-%D9%88%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%86

[v] https://aawsat.com/home/article/3761941/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%AF/%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%AD-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A1

[vi] https://aawsat.com/home/article/3761951/%D8%AF-%D8%AC%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A/%D8%AC%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D9%82%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%86-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9

[vii] https://aawsat.com/home/article/3761946/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%A8%D9%86-%D8%A8%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%86-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8C-%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA

[viii] https://www.alkhaleej.ae/2022-07-16/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83-%D8%A5%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B8%D8%A9-%D8%AD%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A3%D9%8A

[ix] https://www.alriyadh.com/1961963

[x] https://www.alquds.co.uk/%d9%87%d8%b2%d9%8a%d9%85%d8%a9-%d8%af%d8%a8%d9%84%d9%88%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%84%d9%84%d9%88%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%af%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7/

[xi] https://www.okaz.com.sa/articles/authors/2110441

[xii] https://aawsat.com/home/article/3761956/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B1/%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%86-%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%AD-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B7%D8%A3

[xiii] https://aawsat.com/home/article/3761966/%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%8A/%D9%85%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D8%AC%D8%A8-%D8%A3%D9%86-%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%87%D9%85%D9%87-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%9F

[xiv] http://www.akhbar-alkhaleej.com/news/article/1302432

[xv] https://www.omandaily.om/%D8%A3%D9%81%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%88%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1/na/%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%86-%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%B1-%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%B9%D9%87-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87

[xvi] http://www.akhbar-alkhaleej.com/news/article/1302219

[xvii] https://www.alriyadh.com/1962020

[xviii] https://www.alwatan.com.sa/article/1110440

[xix] https://www.alriyadh.com/1962018

[xx] https://www.alriyadh.com/1962019

[xxi] https://www.okaz.com.sa/articles/authors/2110442

[xxii] https://www.al-madina.com/article/796668/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%81%D8%B8-%D9%85%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7-%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD-%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7

[xxiii] Alloush, Mahmoud. “Where Does the Gulf Stand in the Global Transformations?” Al-Jazeerah.Net, www.aljazeera.net, 17 July 2022, https://www.aljazeera.net/opinions/2022/7/17/%d8%a3%d9%8a%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ae%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%ac-%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%ad%d9%88%d9%91%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a9%d8%9f.

[xxiv] https://sabq.org/articles/l90p11hh3r

[xxv] https://gate.ahram.org.eg/Daily/News/861095.aspx

[xxvi] https://aawsat.com/home/article/3761971/%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF/%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AD-%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A-%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9

[xxvii] https://www.akhbarelyoum.dz/ar/200243/200292/317437-0

[xxviii] https://www.albiladpress.com/news/2022/5024/columns/767322.html

[xxix] https://alqabas.com/article/5888892-%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%86-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%B2-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D9%8A-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82%D8%A9

[xxx] https://www.albayan.ae/opinions/articles/2022-07-16-1.4477205

[xxxi] https://www.alquds.co.uk/%d9%87%d8%af%d9%81-%d8%ac%d9%88%d9%84%d8%a9-%d8%a8%d8%a7%d9%8a%d8%af%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d8%b1%d9%82-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%b7/

[xxxii] http://www.akhbar-alkhaleej.com/news/article/1302412

[xxxiii] https://aawsat.com/home/article/3756776/%D9%81%D9%87%D8%AF-%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86/%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%86-%D8%A5%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AB-%C2%AB%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A9%C2%BB

[xxxiv] https://www.al-watan.com/article/9840/%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D9%88-%D9%82%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7/%D8%A5%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B3

[xxxv] https://www.annaharar.com/arabic/makalat/annahar-alarabi-authors/15072022011021633

[xxxvi] https://www.echoroukonline.com/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%82%d8%a8%d9%84-%d9%8a%d9%83%d8%b4%d9%81-%d8%ae%d9%81%d8%a7%d9%8a%d8%a7-%d8%b2%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d8%a8%d8%a7%d9%8a%d8%af%d9%86

[xxxvii] https://aawsat.com/home/article/3756786/%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84-%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%86-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA-%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85

[xxxviii] https://al-sharq.com/opinion/15/07/2022/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8